2.9 Summary

The most important concepts that we covered in this chapter are the following:

• The use of transistors as switches
• The difference between flip-flop and a latch
• The meaning of setup time and hold time
• Pipelines and latency
• The difference between datapath, standard-cell, and gate-array logic cells
• Strong and weak logic levels
• Pushing bubbles
• Ratio of logic
• Resistance per square of layers and their relative values in CMOS
• Design rules and l

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